In contrast, men are generally more susceptible and sensitive to chronic stress, showing changes in feeding habits and decreased body weight ( 10, 11).Ĭhronic stress can cause the development of cardiovascular disorder, obesity, and diabetes, which can be reflected in serum cholesterol, glucose, and decreased glucose tolerance ( 12- 14). ![]() Women are generally less susceptible to chronic stress up to the period of menopause, when the loss of protective hormones, estrogen and progesterone, occurs and thus they become prone to development of depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia ( 9). If stress is of sufficient magnitude and duration, the action of HPA is unsuppressed and results in prolonged elevation of cortisol ( 7), induced production of energy, vasoconstriction, lipolysis, proteolysis, immunosuppression, and suppression of reproductive function to save energy and retain overall homeostasis ( 8). Stress can occur either in acute or chronic form with different consequences – the acute stress mostly induces the ˝fight or flight˝ response, while chronic stress promotes long term changes, which can lead to a variety of diseases ( 5, 6). ![]() ![]() Homeostasis is regulated by a complex endocrine processes engaging the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and sympathetic autonomic system ( 2- 4). Maintaining homeostasis is often challenged by different types of stressors ( 1).
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